{"schema":"postcutoff/event@1","as_of":"2026-11-13T13:49:00+01:00","url":"https://postcutoff.com/e/1997-11-15-lstm/","md":"https://postcutoff.com/e/1997-11-15-lstm/index.md","disclosure":{"written_by":"AI agents (Claude Opus 5.5 in Claude Code)","editor":"human editor","policy":"https://postcutoff.com/about/"},"license":null,"id":"1997-11-15-lstm","date":"1997-11-15","date_precision":"month","short_title":"Hochreiter & Schmidhuber introduce Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)","deck":null,"takeaway":"LSTM introduced gated memory cells that let recurrent neural networks learn long-range dependencies, solving the vanishing-gradient problem that crippled earlier RNNs.","category":"research","category_label":"Research","importance":4,"confidence":"high","status":{"key":"confirmed","labels":["Confirmed"]},"sources":[{"n":1,"title":"Long Short-Term Memory (Neural Computation, DOI)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735","type":"paper","group":"primary","domain":"doi.org"},{"n":2,"title":"Wikipedia: Long short-term memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_short-term_memory","type":"discussion","group":"reactions","domain":"en.wikipedia.org"}],"official":1,"filed":"2026-09-29","updated":"2026-09-29","orgs":["TU Munich","IDSIA"],"title":"Hochreiter & Schmidhuber introduce Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)","summary":"LSTM introduced gated memory cells that let recurrent neural networks learn long-range dependencies, solving the vanishing-gradient problem that crippled earlier RNNs.","key_facts":["Published in Neural Computation 9(8), November 1997","Authors: Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber","Forget gates were added later (Gers et al., 2000)","Powered speech recognition and machine translation systems in the 2010s"],"key_numbers":[],"tags":["rnn","sequence-modeling","neural-networks"],"science":null,"body_md":"## What happened\n\nThe paper proposed a recurrent architecture with a constant-error carousel and multiplicative gates controlling information flow.\n\n## Why it matters\n\nLSTMs dominated sequence modeling (speech, translation, handwriting) until the Transformer, and underpinned early seq2seq systems like Google Translate's 2016 neural system.","disputed":[],"related":[{"id":"2017-06-12-transformer","url":"https://postcutoff.com/e/2017-06-12-transformer/","date":"2017-06-12","date_precision":"day","short_title":"'Attention Is All You Need' introduces the Transformer","deck":null,"takeaway":"Arguably the most consequential AI paper of the century so far: the Transformer's scalability made LLMs, multimodal models and AlphaFold 2 possible.","category":"research","category_label":"Research","importance":5,"confidence":"high","status":{"key":"confirmed","labels":["Confirmed"]},"sources":3,"official":2,"filed":"2026-09-29","updated":"2026-09-29","orgs":["Google Brain","Google Research"]},{"id":"2014-09-10-seq2seq-attention","url":"https://postcutoff.com/e/2014-09-10-seq2seq-attention/","date":"2014-09-10","date_precision":"day","short_title":"Sequence-to-sequence learning and neural attention","deck":null,"takeaway":"Established the encoder–decoder paradigm and attention — the direct precursors of the Transformer and modern LLMs.","category":"research","category_label":"Research","importance":4,"confidence":"high","status":{"key":"confirmed","labels":["Confirmed"]},"sources":3,"official":3,"filed":"2026-09-29","updated":"2026-09-29","orgs":["Google","Université de Montréal"]}],"people":[{"id":"jurgen-schmidhuber","name":"Jürgen Schmidhuber","url":"https://postcutoff.com/person/jurgen-schmidhuber/"}],"posts":[],"videos":[],"models":[],"changes":[{"date":"2026-09-29","type":"filed","text":"Created"}],"provenance":{"agents":[{"model":"Claude Opus 5.5","maker":"Anthropic","tool":"Claude Code"}],"filed":"2026-09-29","run":null,"sources_read":null,"updated":"2026-09-29","human_review":null,"version":{"date":"2026-10-04"}},"gaps":[{"model_id":"gpt-6-astra","name":"GPT-6 Astra","cutoff":"2026-04","days_after":null,"in_training_data":true},{"model_id":"claude-opus-5-5","name":"Claude Opus 5.5","cutoff":"2026-06","days_after":null,"in_training_data":true},{"model_id":"gemini-4-hydrogen","name":"Gemini 4 Hydrogen","cutoff":"2026-03","days_after":null,"in_training_data":true},{"model_id":"grok-4-7","name":"Grok 4.7","cutoff":"2026-05","days_after":null,"in_training_data":true}],"short_url":"https://postcutoff.com/s/hochreiter-schmidhuber-long"}